Saturday, August 17, 2019
History Test Questions Essay
Manzanar in CA ââ¬â loss of $ & property ââ¬â 100th Battalion ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Purple Heartâ⬠Battalion ââ¬â 442nd Regimental Combat Team ââ¬â fought in Italy, France, Germany ââ¬â Most decorated combat unit in US history for proportion of length of service ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Buddha Headsâ⬠ââ¬â Most Japanese-Americans served as soldiers in Europe while interpreters and such went to the Pacific ââ¬â obvious racism/discrimination Minority group most adversely affected by Washington DCââ¬â¢s wartime policies was ââ¬â Japanese-Americans Internment ââ¬â costs ââ¬â effects ââ¬â camps ââ¬â prejudice ââ¬â military service ââ¬â Nisei born in USA, so citizens The general attitude toward WWII was ââ¬â less idealistic & ideological & more practical than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook ââ¬â What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Japanese immigrants who came to the USA were à ¢â¬â a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan cared who was sent) who was/were better prepared & educated than most European immigrants (so they were middle class & usually had $) Ex. Japan felt represented ââ¬â wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th century ââ¬â so ââ¬Å"picture bridesâ⬠When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, war declared on 8th), 1941, ââ¬â a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about ââ¬â * WWI had campaigned (but many people didnââ¬â¢t know in WWI either ââ¬â Ex. Sergeant York & Gallipoli) During WWII, the US govââ¬â¢t commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, & Loas) Wartime agencies & functions: War Production Board ââ¬â assign priorities w/respect to use of raw materials & transportation facilities Office of Price Administration ââ¬â controlled inflation by rationing essential goods War Labor Board ââ¬â imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) ââ¬â saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against Af-Amââ¬â¢s seeking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph ââ¬â 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equality in hiring ââ¬â FDR feared march so made a deal to announce Executive Order #8802 for Af-Amââ¬â¢s fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Amââ¬â¢s but some whites too ââ¬â began in 1920s) While most US workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the ââ¬â United Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits. ) * Coal mining is almost as risky as war ââ¬â in fact they die more than any other industrial workers, both back then and today ââ¬â only crab ishing is truly more hazardous b y proportion ââ¬â although they are much safer today During WWII ââ¬â labor unions substantially increased their membership â⬠¢ There were some strikes ââ¬â Ex. United Mine Workers ââ¬â unfair distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program ââ¬â p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture & some industries (later deported in the offensive ââ¬Å"Operation Wetbackâ⬠) [Ironic after 1930ââ¬â¢s treatment in CA for example ââ¬â Okies for Mexicans, etcâ⬠¦ Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act ââ¬â June 1943 ââ¬â federal govââ¬â¢t could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex. Coal mines and RRs briefly] p. 832 Employment of more than 6 million women in America (~3 million had never worked for wages before) industry during WWII led to ââ¬â the establishment of day-care centers by govââ¬â¢t (*â⬠Rosieâ⬠vs. ââ¬Å"Wendyâ⬠) [Usually single women or w/husband in the war were the ones working in defense plants/war industries] * Not equal pay for equal work in almost all cases ââ¬â although some women earned as good or better money if they were outstanding ââ¬â some were indeed Ex. P. 33 ââ¬â WOW poster * My recruiting posters & WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in Europe ââ¬â Ex. Britain & USSR ââ¬â in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Amââ¬â¢s (both men & women) * Migrations from South as Af-Amââ¬â¢s leave while to the South came war industries and military bases ââ¬â Why? Cheap wages & very few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to wor k for wages (especially in defense industries, etcâ⬠¦) *** p. 833 ââ¬â WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) ââ¬Å"GIâ⬠ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Government Issueâ⬠* USCG & Merchant Marine Main reason majority of women workers left labor force at end of WWII was ââ¬â family obligation Af-Amââ¬â¢s did all of following during WWII: rally behind slogan of ââ¬Å"Double Vâ⬠(victory over Axis & racism at home), move north & west in large migrations (seeking work ââ¬â often in war industries) (move to cities ââ¬â ââ¬Å"urbanâ⬠begins to mean ââ¬Å"blackâ⬠) (ghettos created ââ¬â not like Jewish ghettos in Poland, etcâ⬠¦) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation & discrimination ââ¬â Ex. Race riots in Detroit in 1943 ââ¬â later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE ââ¬â 1942 & increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen ââ¬â 332nd/99th w/impeccable record ââ¬â no bombers lost on their escorts ââ¬â Benjamin O. Davis sr. & Benjamin O. Davis jr. ââ¬â West Point grads ââ¬â endured silent treatment from whites ââ¬â Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history ââ¬â Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron ââ¬â see picture on . 835), What about fighting in integrated combat units? Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Which is least related to the other three? A Philip Randolph (Bro of Sleep Car Porters ââ¬â threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 ââ¬â led to Executive Order #8802 ââ¬â in 1963, helped organize march to Wash DC for MLK jrââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"I Have a Dreamâ⬠speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC ââ¬â to protect Af-Amââ¬â¢s to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination ââ¬â but better than w/out it), proposed ââ¬Å"negro March on Washington,â⬠What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)? On pp. 834-836 Migration Map on p. 834 * Cotton production in South ââ¬â hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and sharecropping farmers (whites too who did this ââ¬â many) w/ introduction of mechanization ââ¬â so migration p. 836 * Native Americans ââ¬â ~25,000 serve ââ¬â Ex. Comanche in Europe & Navajo in Pacific ââ¬â ââ¬Å"code talkersâ⬠p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Zoot Suit Riotsâ⬠ââ¬â Pachucos vs. Servicemen ââ¬â violence ââ¬â retaliation ââ¬â gangs ââ¬â blame ââ¬â reactions ââ¬â tensions ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Victory Suitsâ⬠ââ¬â race riots p. 836-837 ** Race riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 ââ¬â fatalities pp. 36-837 Big govââ¬â¢t intervention received its greatest boost from ââ¬â WWII (not the New Deal) During WWII, most Amââ¬â¢s economically experienced ââ¬â prosperity & a doubling of personal income p. 837 National Gross National Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 billion ââ¬â GNP grew to $200 billion in 1945 ââ¬â corporate profits rose from ~$6 billion in 1940 to ~$12 billion by 1944 ââ¬â Henry Stimson (Sec of War) ââ¬Å"if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you have to let business make money out of the process, or business wonââ¬â¢t work. p. 837 ââ¬â * disposable income after war-time taxes more than doubled (but there was inflation too) ââ¬â * post-war consumerism w/surplus income to purchase in post-war US economy ââ¬â Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages & consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 ââ¬â developed weapons, including Atomic (nuclear) bombs ââ¬â *** ââ¬Å"warfare-welfare stateâ⬠b/t 1941-1945 ââ¬â * rationing ââ¬â total war effort ââ¬â bond drives ââ¬â kids had Al drives for example, etcâ⬠¦ ââ¬â Ex of poster: ââ¬Å"When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler! â⬠ââ¬â Black Ma rket ââ¬â Chart for Rise in National Debt ââ¬â rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war ââ¬â p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion ââ¬â 10 times more than WWI ââ¬â more $ than all federal spending since 1776 ââ¬â income tax ââ¬â 4 times as many people than before war ââ¬â some people taxed as high as 90% of income ââ¬â taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost ââ¬â rest is borrowed from US public ââ¬â Liberty Loans ââ¬â Bond Drives ââ¬â others loaned $ too like individuals who were rich tycoons & moguls and/or through corporations & banks ââ¬â 1941 National Debt was $49 billion ââ¬â grew to $259 billion in 1945 ââ¬â war cost ~$10 million per hour at peak of war ââ¬â plus blood, sweat, & tears ââ¬â tremendous loss of life ââ¬â Ex. USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Amââ¬â¢s accelerated after WWII b/c ââ¬â mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians ââ¬â moved off of reservations in large numbers (~25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USAââ¬â¢s Af-Am communities had shifted to ââ¬â northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 ââ¬Å"The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation [Migartion Map on p. 834] National debt increased most during ââ¬â World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ raised to finance WWII came through ââ¬â borrowing (individuals, corporations ââ¬â bonds for middle class & working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans ââ¬â bond sales ââ¬â hugely promoted) p. 38 First naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by (aircraft) carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of ââ¬â the Coral Sea (May 1942 near NE Australia ââ¬â Tie to stop Japanese threat/invasion of the ââ¬Å"Land Down Underâ⬠ââ¬â USA lost one carrier ââ¬â USS Lexington ââ¬â USS Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at Midway where she was finally sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a burning wreck) * Midway ââ¬â 2nd such battle b/t carrier fleets so far apart they never see each other ââ¬â June 3rd-6th, 1942 ââ¬â the turning point of the Pacific war p. 839] The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of ââ¬â Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * Details ââ¬â our 3 carriers to their 4 ââ¬â we sank all four and lost only one ââ¬â planes ââ¬â luck ââ¬â plans ââ¬â codes ââ¬â drama ââ¬â Spruance, Nimitz, etcâ⬠¦ ââ¬â plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was diversion, which was fairly effective ââ¬â cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they ââ¬â over ââ¬â extended themselves instead of digging in & consolidating their gains p. 839 ââ¬â Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of China, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etcâ⬠¦- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl Harbor before Allied advances began. In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of ââ¬â (leapfrogging and) island-hopping across the South (and Central) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible ââ¬â but not always ââ¬â Ex. Philippines & Pelelieu & Aleutians) [MacArthur/US Army & Halsey in South ââ¬â USMC & Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific] All strategies considered & implemented in some fashion ââ¬â heavy bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia & Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over ââ¬Å"the Humpâ⬠of the Himalayas, & turning Japanese flanks in New Guinea (MacArthur) & Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done ââ¬â but priority was put on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), & USCG in two prong drive across south & central Pacific with Adm. Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas ââ¬â Tinian & Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could conduct round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands ââ¬â But a nasty volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 foot hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way ââ¬â could notify Japan that bombers were coming ââ¬â plus many damaged bombers needed the vital air strip on the island for emergency landings ââ¬â so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 days in Hell before the island was completely secure ââ¬â giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi ââ¬â the 2nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho! â⬠Allies won Battle of Atlantic by ââ¬â escorting convoys of merchantsââ¬â¢ (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) [ Ex. Carrier & other Task Forces], dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. located in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At warââ¬â¢s end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly branch of voluntarily service & still got volunteers up until the end ââ¬â 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 ââ¬â Adm Downitz asked for more before war ââ¬â didnââ¬â¢t get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts ââ¬â depth charges ââ¬â RADAR (B-24s & B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) ââ¬â SONAR ââ¬â Enigma code machine & codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) ââ¬â US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing ââ¬Å"wolf packsâ⬠(which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic ââ¬â Most important battle in Western Europe! Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitlerââ¬â¢s greatest opportunities of defeating Britain & winning the war was ââ¬â the German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitlerââ¬â¢s advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined {* Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives} pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c ââ¬â of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) & lack of adequate resources {* Weââ¬â¢d have gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans ââ¬â as indeed we did really until 1943 ââ¬â we needed to learn how to fight ââ¬â Stalin was angry we left his country to suffer while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR ââ¬â cannot blame him entirely FDRââ¬â¢s promi se to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 ââ¬â was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the undertaking really) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really ââ¬â meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy ââ¬â before two major invasions of France in June & Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a surrender would ââ¬â encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible (but USA also did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an Ally against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDRââ¬â¢s & Churchillââ¬â¢s insistence on the absolute and ââ¬Å"unconditional surrenderâ⬠of Germany ââ¬â eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology: Casablanca, Morocco ââ¬â Jan 1943 FDR & Churchill meet ââ¬â Pac ific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before Teheran ââ¬â w/FDR & Churchill discuss Chiang & Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) ââ¬â Nov 28th ââ¬â Dec 1st, 1943 ââ¬â plans for W & E attacks on Germany p. 844 ââ¬â FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany ââ¬â July 1945 ââ¬â Truman, Churchill, Stalin ââ¬â Potsdam Declaration & how to end war & post-war plans p. 851 Chronology: Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 [my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) ââ¬â she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea & Vietnam) ââ¬â one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts ââ¬â served under Patton in N Africa & was at the Bulge ââ¬â his eye was hanging out of his head attached by the optic nerve ââ¬â they saved his eye ââ¬â but the war messed the young man up for the res t of his life mentally carrying the burdens of death ââ¬â her other brother was in Pacific ââ¬â he would not come home until Japan was beaten] ââ¬â VJ Day 8/15/45 ââ¬â Japanââ¬â¢s surrender was 8/14/45 ââ¬â official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 ââ¬â WWII was finally over after many deaths ââ¬â military & ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major consequence of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was ââ¬â overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italyââ¬â¢s surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French ââ¬â At least they claim to be ââ¬Å"lovers not fightersâ⬠ââ¬â but the Romans seriously put a foot in and/or up oneââ¬â¢s booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire known for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, ââ¬â Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (real ly until the end of the war in Northern Italy ââ¬â also harsh to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it ââ¬â delayed the D-Day invasion & allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (ââ¬Å"iron curtainâ⬠) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, & Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, & Germany US First Army ââ¬â The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group) Italians switched sides ââ¬â Germans reinforced ââ¬â bloody battles b/c of terrain ââ¬â Ex. Anzio * I disagree w/this ââ¬â Italy was a vital & valuable front ââ¬â perhaps managed poorly, but necessary At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) ââ¬â plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 ââ¬â was Sicily & Italy before France ââ¬â Stalin still not happy Cross Channel (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) [Ike] {West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, Great political general ââ¬â needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) plus other issues ââ¬â he was the right man for the job ââ¬â although many disagreed about that at the time} ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) & Bre akout 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, Airborne/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, Mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etcâ⬠¦ (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the ââ¬Å"forgotten manâ⬠at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c ââ¬â so much attention was focused on who would be VP (Truman ââ¬â Sen from MO political machine ââ¬â failed in business ââ¬â US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP & former Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a headache and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for polio was) on April 12th, 1945 ââ¬â funeral train ââ¬â some people had really only known FDR as president, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR ââ¬â Eleanor said to Harry, ââ¬Å"The president is dead . â⬠Truman replied, ââ¬Å"Is there anything I can do for you. â⬠Mrs Roosevelt responded, ââ¬Å"Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, youââ¬â¢re the one who is in trouble now. â⬠FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitlerââ¬â¢s campaign of genocide against the Jews ââ¬â was reprehensively slow in coming ââ¬â Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps ââ¬â USA did know ââ¬â Govââ¬â¢t knew for sure since 1942 when ââ¬Å"final solutionâ⬠was implemented ââ¬â US govââ¬â¢t knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitlerââ¬â¢s book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII ââ¬â like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war, nor would many of them fought for that ideal anywayââ¬âmy opinionââ¬âso you know itââ¬â¢s correct! ( Hitlerââ¬â¢s last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA & British (plus other Allies) came in ââ¬â Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there ââ¬â got that nasty eye wound â⬠¢ Hurtgen Forrest (When Trumpets Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border ââ¬â brutal mine fields ââ¬â slaughter ââ¬â overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten â⬠¢ Bulge ââ¬â why itââ¬â¢s called the Battle of the Bulge ââ¬â weather ââ¬â secrecy ââ¬â push through weak Ardennes ââ¬â Malmady ââ¬â Mr. High ââ¬â casualties 76,000 US ââ¬â worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) ââ¬â Germans lost 140,000+ ââ¬â cold ââ¬â no air cover for weeks ââ¬â Bastogne ââ¬â 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) ââ¬â 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Basto gne, Hitlerââ¬â¢s Eagleââ¬â¢s Nest ââ¬â Patton & 3rd Army ââ¬â costly choice to push bulge back rather than pinch it (liposuction) ââ¬â air cover returns ââ¬â push to the Rhine ââ¬â USSR pushing from the East ââ¬â USSR in Berlin ââ¬â brutal As result of Battle of Leyte Gulf ââ¬â Japan was finished a s a naval power (Philippines 1944 ââ¬â largest naval battle ever ââ¬â Halsey ââ¬â Taffy 3 ââ¬â Kamikazes ââ¬â Yamato) [Philippines fell ââ¬â 500 POWs rescued at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) ââ¬â hold outs in to 1970s] {Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war} ***** War of attrition in Pacific ââ¬â to the death ââ¬â rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam Conference ââ¬â issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of ââ¬Å"face a rain of ruin from the airâ⬠â⬠¢ Itââ¬â¢s already facing a ââ¬Å"rain of ruin from the airââ¬â¢ as did German cities! p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of massive weapon to use on Japan ââ¬â Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) ââ¬â told Truman to use it & promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier ââ¬â entered war 8/8/ 45, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed ââ¬â threat of more bombing ââ¬â not specific as to use of an atomic bomb ââ¬â more bombing ââ¬â so what ââ¬â already taking that! Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that ââ¬â the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That! ***** Letter ââ¬Å"câ⬠in the answer choices ââ¬â The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans ââ¬â who tried heavy water in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks ââ¬â one at the plant, the other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board ââ¬â still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria ) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was planned & ready to go ââ¬â they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishiââ¬â¢s Unit 731 in Manchuria ââ¬â chemical & biological weapons ââ¬â delivery systems ââ¬â Ex. High altitude balloons, flea bombs, etcâ⬠¦- USA made post-war deal w/ the Devil! No war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etcâ⬠¦ The ââ¬Å"unconditional surrenderâ⬠policy toward Japan was finally modified by ââ¬â agreeing to let Japanââ¬â¢s Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic govââ¬â¢t) * No war crimes trials for emperor ââ¬â Tojo took the fall for emperor ââ¬â no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis ââ¬â let Japan have terms that Germany did not get ââ¬â then USA ââ¬â built up former enemies (W Germany & Japan) into allies while former allies (USSR< etcâ⬠¦) became enemies ââ¬â COLD WAR! The following were qualities of US participation in WWII: A group of highly effective military & political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons & supplies (usually more, & later, better equipment than enemies ââ¬â out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from air (small submarine skirmishes & some off-shore shelling, & some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance & re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones ââ¬â USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬ââ⠬â p. 27 FDR as ââ¬Å"all wiseâ⬠for Germany first strategy over those who disagree ââ¬â Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies Trade Space for Time * German (& Japanese) scientists ââ¬â weapons ââ¬â A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order #9066 (100th/442nd) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners ââ¬â exploited, underpaid ââ¬â share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp. 833-834 Man power & Woman power ââ¬â Braceros (later deportations in ââ¬Å"Operation Wetbackâ⬠) ââ¬â Rosie (Wendy) ââ¬â day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p. 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order #8802) **** (Charles Drew ââ¬â Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion ââ¬â put in charge of Allied blood banks ââ¬â he was forced to segregate blood too ââ¬â his death outside a hospital after an a ccident ââ¬â died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE ââ¬â 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) & Navajo (Pacific) ââ¬Å"code talkersâ⬠pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 & Detroit, MI 1943 ââ¬Å"Sudden rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some distressingly violent action. â⬠pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National Debt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, & Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying ââ¬Å"the Humpâ⬠in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road ââ¬â Merrilââ¬â¢s Mauraders & Gen Stillwell) p. 838 ââ¬Å"ill-trainedâ⬠Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast ââ¬â delays Japanese ââ¬â Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japanââ¬â¢s High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hop ping & leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies â⬠¢ Guam (Saipan ââ¬â suicides), Marianas ââ¬Å"Turkey Shootââ¬â¢ F6F Hellcat kill ratio â⬠¢ 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea ââ¬â massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill ââ¬â ââ¬Å"The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. â⬠pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic ââ¬â U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war ââ¬â Downitz) ââ¬â no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is limitation (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost ~20 million pp. 842-843 ââ¬Å"unconditional surrenderâ⬠debate & results pp. 843-846 D-Day: June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence ââ¬â Teheran 1943 ââ¬â Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike chosen to command D-Day invasion ââ¬â (fei gnt w/Patton at Calais ââ¬â codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etcâ⬠¦) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 ââ¬â officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR: Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 Focus on VP ââ¬â Truman ââ¬â on Sen Committee for Wasteful Spending ââ¬â told to stop investigating Manhattan Project ââ¬â he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey ââ¬â FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce ââ¬â ââ¬Å"He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. â⬠pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties ââ¬â worst US battle ever ââ¬â so far * Okinawa & Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 H olocaust ââ¬â camps liberated ââ¬â horrors known now for all (unit 731 in Manchuria) p. 849 FDRââ¬â¢s deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies Hard ââ¬â US subs sinking Japanese ships ââ¬â cutting off Japanââ¬â¢s vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships ~50% of Japanââ¬â¢s merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 ~83,000 KIA p. 850 Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, & Pkinawa ââ¬â short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck! Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) @ Okinawa, Japanese had ~200,000 military & civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan & Leyte, then Iwo & Okinawa ââ¬â worst of all ââ¬â no Final Battle ââ¬â wouldââ¬â¢ve been worst) â⬠¢ They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture ââ¬â post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantly 60,000 died later from radiation, etcâ⬠¦ p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later USSR invaded Manchuria & North Korea (not a country split N & S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etcâ⬠¦ pp. 853-854 The Allies Triumphant p. 853 US casualties ~ 1 million ~1/3rd KIA â⬠¢ plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etcâ⬠¦. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost ~20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. & submarines on both coasts p. 853 ââ¬Å"In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. â⬠Kind of funny given US hi story ââ¬â donââ¬â¢t you think? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels ââ¬â won war through production ââ¬â more of everything ââ¬â then eventually better & more! Churchill ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Nothing succeeds like excess. â⬠Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Americans canââ¬â¢t build planes ââ¬â only electric ice boxes and razor blades. â⬠Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 ââ¬Å"But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. â⬠What would Zinn say? Is this a reference to loss of liberties during WWI ââ¬â Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would ââ¬Å"enemy aliensâ⬠and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian & German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II: Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationist appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930ââ¬â¢s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out ââ¬â made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationist Others thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy ââ¬â racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz said bomb was used to scare USSR & hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), & Japanââ¬â¢s militarist govââ¬â¢t w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war ââ¬â he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japanââ¬â¢s govââ¬â¢t Battle of Berlin ââ¬â brutal pay back ââ¬â refugees ââ¬â rapes ââ¬â POWs ââ¬â Hitlerââ¬â¢s death
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