Fukushima Earthquake And Tsunami 2011 Essay

In March 2011, Japan was struck by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and a following tsunami. Authorities concluded that the earthquake was the cause of the Pacific plate releasing the friction built up after years converged under the North American plate (as shown in figure 3) along the fault line that lies kilometres away from Japan’s coastline. (Urbano, 2011)This caused the friction to spread through the ground-and what was originally said to be a magnitude 6.6 earthquake through the evaluation of incomprehensive readings from seismometers- shook Japan for over five minutes. The resulting tsunami was triggered by the explosive energy released by the earthquake. However, its damage was minimized by 10m high sea walls and the modeling of buildings along the coast, which had applied various scientific techniques to reduce impact from waves on actual buildings. Macintosh HD:Users:160161:Desktop:Unknown-1.jpeg Earthquakes are a very significant problem around the globe and can cause havoc through towns. The Japan earthquake and following tsunami resulted in 20000 deaths and caused the destruction of entire towns and many coastal areas of the country- the most notably being the TÅhoku region in Honshu. (Pletcher, 2013) A large percentage of the damage and lives lost could have been avoided if sciences techniques in detecting earthquakes- such as seismometers- would have alerted authorities in advance rather than minutes before the earthquake struck, as well as conveyed more accurate readings. Around the globe scientists and organisations have attempted to develop method of detecting earthquakes so that maximum damage can be prevented. Currently, around the globe seismometers, sea walls and building modeling are used to detect earthquakes through the readings of seismic waves. This scientific solution has potential to minimise damage from earthquakes and tsunamis around the globe if implemented correctly and its negatives minimized. The Application of Science To Detect Earthquakes and Consequently Prevent Damage-Seismometers Earthquakes can be detected by measuring the frequency of the seismic waves in a particular area using a scientific device such as a seismometer. Seismic waves are circular waves (see figure 4) created by the back and forth movement that occurs when an earthquake shakes the ground, thus releasing waves. A magnitude 8 or 9 earthquake- like the one in Japan 2011, are caused due to the faster and rapider movement of the ground. This releases a higher frequency of seismic waves that can be detected by scientific instruments like a seismometer-just as they were during the Fukushima earthquake. The science behind the implementation of seismometers in earthquake prone areas such as Japan is that they use the basic principal of inertia to detect seismic waves in the earth’s surface. They consist of a ground motion detection sensor and a recording system. In a simple seismometer’s detection system, a weight and a spring are suspended from a frame that moves along with the earth’s surface. As the earth moves, the relative motion between the weight and the earth, which is caused by seismic waves is measured by the recording system which consists of a rotating drum attached to the frame, (as shown in diagram 1) and a pen attached to the mass. This pencil moves along with the weight and the spring, leaving lines along the drum, which can be interpreted into determining the frequency of seismic waves and the magnitude of the coming earthquake by authorities.(Braile, 2000)Modern seismometers are electronic, and instead of using a pen and drum, the seismic activity generates an electrical voltage that is recorded by a computer. The reason why Japanese authorities and other nations around the world choose this science to help detect earthquakes is because it allows them to determine before hand when an earthquake is going to happen. Seismographs gather information over a long period of time and the patterns in the seismic wave frequency are easily analyzable. Seismometers were implemented in Japan’s coastline by local authorities with readings going to computers where the data from seismic waves was analyzed. This brought to the early conclusions that the earthquake was a magnitude 6.6 and later upgraded to 9.0 from further readings showing an increase in movement within the ground. Seismometers also bring a change in scientific research about certain regions and their risk to earthquakes, as it allows for research to be collected at various points before, during and after an earthquake, so that warnings can be sent out in advance next time or before an aftershock. (Dea, 2003) The Effectiveness of Detection/Damage Prevention Techniques Used In Japan Seismometers- Science’s solution to the problem-can be used to detect earthquakes and their location so that maximum damage can be prevented. In theory, scientists in Japan should have been able to pick up the earthquakes where about, magnitude and timing from the seismic activity under the earth’s surface that should have been detected by numerous seismometers located on the Pacific Ocean’s seabed. Scientists can use the readings gathered- based on the frequency of the waves-to calculate the magnitude of the earthquake before it reaches by working out the difference in arrival between two waves from tree different seismometers. (BBC, 2013) If the gap between the two arrivals is shorter, then the magnitude of the earthquake is also higher. Fukushima scientists also used this method to determine the exact location of the earthquakes epicentre through the process of triangulation in which they determine the distance travelled by waves at each of the three seismomet ers and pinpoint the centre (as shown in diagram 2). Seismometers certainly helped to detect the Fukushima earthquake. Evidence shows that almost a thousand lives were saved due to seismometers monitoring the Pacific seabed. They proved effective in saving lives because they were able to pick up the sudden seismic activity in the ground. The detection allowed scientists back in Japan to sound an alarm minutes before the earthquake arrived in Japan. However, the initial alarm was quite inaccurate, as it was originally sounded for a 6.6 magnitude earthquake. Over the last century around the world, scientists concluded that 9/10 times seismometers were initially incorrect in detecting the magnitude of the numerous earthquakes (Strevens, 2011). Seismometers also have many more limitations, which cause for the technology to be deemed ineffective at times and can be used to partially explain some of the issues that occurred in Japan- issues that could have been avoided. Unlike NASA’s InSAR satellite technology that can detect earthquakes day before they occur (due to its ability to detect even 1cm of movement within the earth) (NASA, 2011), seismometers are only able to detect earthquakes minutes before they happen and the only way scientists can actually issue a warning in advance is if they look closely at the patterns in previous earthquakes or try and interpret seismic readings days before and see if there are any abnormalities. The limitations of possible inaccuracy with data and late warnings made the use of the seismometers quite ineffective during the earthquake. Although seismometers are able to pinpoint the exact location of the epicentre so that aftershocks can be predicted and are able to give a few minutes of warning about the magnitude, it is a scientific device that’s success can easily be affected by influence human error plays in analyzing its data on computers. Sea walls were implemented in Japan to protect its coastal cities from tsunamis. The science behind them is that its strong concrete material, from which it is made of, should be able to block the force of a tsunami. Their height- 10 metres above sea level- were supposed to be sufficient to stop most tsunamis as evidence shows that it is very rare in any part of the world for a tsunami over 10m to a region that is not directly over the fault line. However, if a tsunami were to reach such heights, the sea walls success would be limited greatly. A positive of their use though, is that their success is largely predictable as they do not require any electronic systems to function and nor do they have any human influence. Macintosh HD:Users:160161:Desktop:Screen Shot 2013-10-27 at 6.40.21 PM.png Sea walls proved ineffective in Japan as the tsunami proved to also be 10 metres tall due to the water being very deep in the region. This allowed the tsunami to build up its waves and when the tsunami’s biggest waves arrived at the coast of Japan, they were 1m taller than the walls event though they were still only 10m tall. (Tran, 2013) This was due to the fact that the coastline had dropped by a metre and also moved three metres out to sea. (As shown in figure 5) This outside influence limited the success of the walls greatly and although- in many other tsunamis sea wall have effectively haltered tsunamis due to their concrete strength and height- the tsunami of 2011 flooded into Japan killing thousands that could not escape in the few moments of warning. Sciences Interaction With The Environment The environment has minimal impact on the application and effectiveness of seismometers and sea walls. As seismometers are not affected by an areas air pollution, vegetation or climate, the environment does not play a significant role in positively or negatively affecting the detection ability of seismometers. However there are still a few minor factors- particularly in Japan- that can somewhat prevent an earthquake from being detected accurately. Due to Japans vulnerable earthquake-prone region being located along the Pacific Ocean’s coastline, many low intensity stress waves created by natural noises and ocean waves have the ability to be detected by seismometers. This is because seismometers can detect and measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz- a large enough range to detect ocean waves- particularly in the Pacific Ocean. This could have a negative effect on the effectiveness of science’s solution. Negatively, seismometers could be alerting Japan ese authorities every time tidal waves and ocean currents strengthen, thus triggering alarm bells constantly. A positive effect that the Japanese environment has on damage preventing solutions such as sea walls is that the Japanese coastline has numerous mountain and hill landforms. The many hills and low mountains located in Japans coastal region (sea figure 6)-especially where the Fukushima earthquake struck-help to prevent damage due to there significant height above sea levels. This environmental benefit was evident during the 2011 earthquake as authorities guided civilians to high ground so that when the tsunami arrived and the sea walls failed, the landforms saved a few hundred lives. (ONISHI, 2011)This was because the 10m height of the tsunami eventually deteriorated by the time it reached the landforms, thus preventing further damage from occurring. As mentioned above, the environment has minimal influence on the application and effectiveness of seismometers and sea walls, although sea walls do have an effect on the environment. To construct and implement sea walls, natural, agricultural and grassland is destroyed to make way for them. Sea walls require a large amount of space (width and length) if they are to be firm, sturdy and cover a large proportion of the coastline. They also negatively impact the climatic environment as their height to some extent interrupts the sea breeze that Japan receives from the ocean. This means that locations near the walls will be drier in the already tropical climate and environment. Once again these negative effects on Japan’s environment are not significant factors although if these scientific damage prevention measures were not present in Japan 2011, the environment would have been damaged greatly like it was in some towns that were destroyed completely. Economic Interaction Sciences detection and damage prevention solutions have a profound effect on the economy of Japan. The Japanese government invests billions (USD) in coastal defenses such as sea walls and warning systems every year. These expensive devices further cost governments around the world millions whenever a warning and consequent evacuation occurs. For example, since Hawaii’s Pacific Tsunami Warning Center was established in 1948, about 75 percent of warnings that resulted in costly evacuations turned out to be false alarms (Pendick, 2012). A positive effect that Japan’s economy has on seismometers and warning systems is that it can afford to research deep into ways on improving the technology, as well as, fund the expensive costs involved with implementing and running them. There is very little limitations that Japan’s economy poses to seismometers as the economy is very stable and has been for the last decade without fluctuating too much (see graph 1), thus allowing for billions to be invested. This allows the government to invest in earthquake damage prevention devices so that when an earthquake strikes, damage costs can be kept to a minimum. Seismometers and damage prevention devices have a major influence on the economy. When the earthquake of 2011 struck and damage was high- especially from the burst reactor in the Fukushima Nuclear Plant- Japan’s tourism industry suffered greatly. This had a chain reaction on the economy with a major dip in Japan’s GDP (as shown in graph 1) during the period. Conclusion For many years now, scientists have attempted to come up with ways to detect and consequently, prevent earthquakes with measured success- especially in the Fukushima earthquake of 2011. Although the application of science through the use of seismometers potentially saved thousands of lives in the few minutes of warning, it’s accuracy and timing was not enough to stop a nuclear disaster. The 10m sea walls that were located around Japans shoreline also proved ineffective as the tsunami soared over them, leaving all types of buildings to be struck down by the shear force of the waves. However, scientists continue to apply their knowledge of earthquakes, tectonic movement and seismic waves so that they can enhance this solution for future earthquakes around the globe. Seismometers and sea walls fit into the world environment nicely as they do not affect it, but rather help to prevent damage occurring to it, whilst the modeling of buildings simply has the same impact as normal buildings do. Economic wise though, billions of dollars are put into the science and evidence shown from Japan might suggest, too much money for fairly inconclusive success. There are some variables in science that we can’t control, but what can be controlled is minimizing their damage to civilization through the processes of detecting and preventing damage. Bibliography BBC. (2013). Seismic waves. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from BBC Bitesize: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/waves_earth/seismicwavesrev2.shtml Braile, L. (2000, November). SEISMOMETER. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from Explorations In Earth Science: http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/handseis/handseis.htm Dea, J. (2003, August 11). Anticipating Earthquakes. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from NASA Science: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/11aug_earthquakes/ Densmore, A. (2011, March 14). Sendai earthquake and tsunami disaster . Retrieved October 29, 2013, from Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience: http://ihrrblog.org/2011/03/14/sendai-earthquake-and-tsunami-disaster/ Doedens, P. (2013, September 20). MAGNITUDE-5.3 QUAKE HITS FUKUSHIMA. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from Fukushima Update: http://fukushimaupdate.com/magnitude-5-9-quake-hits-fukushima/ Kong, S. C. (2013, March 20). Japan’s Economy. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from The Market Oracle: http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39557.html Kordian. (2012, May 8). Natural Disaster . Retrieved November 1, 2013, from Oxonian Globalist: http://toglobalist.org/2012/05/risky-business-uncovering-catastrophic-insurance-risks-in-2012/ NASA. (2011). Anticipating Earthquakes-InSAR Satellites . Retrieved October 28, 2013, from NASA Science: http://www.google.com.au/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=why+did+seismometers+pick+the+japan+earthquake+as+magnetide+6.6&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=jMhwUtjfJcW_kQXUiYCQBQ#q=why+did+seismometers+pick+the+japan+earthquake+as+magnitude+6.6&rls=en ONISHI, N. (2011, March 13). Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunami’s Crushing Waves. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seawalls.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Pendick, D. (2012). Catching a Tsunami in the Act. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from Savage Earth: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/tsunami/html/sidebar1.html Macintosh HD:Users:160161:Desktop:Screen Shot 2013-11-04 at 11.43.28 AM.png

Honor Is Cyrano de Bergerac

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Legalizing marijuana can help economy and people with their illness like cance ,hiv, multiple sclerosis or chronic pain - Research Paper Example And, since users do not fear prosecution and are not stigmatized, they are more likely to seek treatment, which is an added bonus. Plus, criminalizing marijuana causes many problems - a drain of resources and manpower used to fight the war on the drug; the drain of not realizing tax revenue from the drug; and the loss of revenue that can be used to do research on the medicinal properties of the drug. Because of these problems, coupled with the fact that Portugal shows that our country does not need to fear that legalizing drugs will result in a substantial increase in drug use, legalization is the best idea for marijuana. The body of this paper will describe the problems with prohibition, then show the Portugal example, show the benefits of legalization, then come to a conclusion. The Controlled Substances Act has classified marijuana as a Schedule I substance, which makes it subject to the highest level of governmental control (Duncan, 2009, p. 1703). One of the reasons for this restriction is that marijuana is commonly thought of as a â€Å"gateway drug† – in other words, users of marijuana often get involved with harder drugs (Duncan, 2009, p. 1705). Other reasons are that prohibition allegedly â€Å"reduces marijuana trafficking and use, thereby discouraging crime, improving productivity and increasing health† (Miron, 2003, p. 1). Current drug policy punishes users and distributors alike. The reason why users are punished are because they ostensibly inflict harm on others; inflict harm on himself; that marijuana makes users â€Å"unproductive members of society† and that marijuana use is immoral (Blumenson & Nilsen, 2009, p. 6). According to Duncan (2009), billions of federal budgetary dollars have been committed to combatting marijuana distribution and usage, with this budget growing every year. In 2009, the budget for combatting all drugs was $14.1

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The Modern Middle East in World Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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139 DB wk6 Quail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Modern Art Essay Example for Free

Modern Art Essay After viewing Georg Baselitz’s Auftritt am Sandtreich II – bei (Remix), and Cindy Sherman’s Untitled #224, one can see two very different artists trying to convey a topic that is relatable on many levels. George Baselitz is a German Neo-Expressionist, while Cindy Sherman created work in the American, Metro Pictures genre yet both have chosen to â€Å"remix† the past into new and somewhat inherent images of the day. One can relate to these images on the basis of recognition, and interpretation of the cultural meanings of the time. Both artists have chosen to give the audience snapshots of their past, Sherman with the 1950’s women’s rights movement, and Baselitz portrayal of a post-World War II Germany. The images selected are form a more modern era, Baselitz-2006 than Sherman-1990, and it is interesting to see the changes from the work of the 1980s. Baselitz became famous for turning his paintings upside-down to shift the viewers focus away from the subject matter to the expressive surface. In his later work, though, the inverted subject matter indeed seems to be the focus, deliberately so in order to effectively portray the image after years of contemplation and healing. Shermans later work is similar in stance, but is a colored photographic interpretation of Caravaggio’s Sick Bacchus portrait. One can make the comparison that both artists have overcome adversity, and their imagery conveys a message of hope and promise stemming from difficulty. Georg Baselitz, Auftritt am Sandtreich II – bei + 30 C (Remix), 2006 Oil on canvas http://www.ecopolis.org/georg-baselitz-remix-paintings/ Georg Baselitz grew up in Germany during WWII, a time of unrest and ever changing cultural norms. This makes sense, as Baselitz himself moved from East to West Germany as a youth living in Germany through the reunification of the Nineties. In Auftritt am Sandtreich II – bei (Remix), Baselitz has revisited the most challenging aspects of his own history, with hindsight, and made a brand new version of the art. Not only were the paintings enlarged, they were also revisited with bright colors and bold lines. When one looks at the work, one can see an inverted soldier’s legs extending into the bright scenery of chunked color. The transparency of the soldier seems to indicate that this is an image of the past, with the ghostly interpretation of faded color. One can conclude that Baselitz has forgiven the transgressions of the war torn society, and views it now as a faded memory that has shaped him into the person he is today. While the image is still vaguely gruesome with the soldier’s splattered outline, implying death, it still somehow looks through that to a brighter day on the horizon. The pallet is very bright, and the canvas is mammoth, almost swallowing the viewer up in its scale. The subject matter does not possess any formal qualities of realism or training, but does follow in Baselitz’s tradition of inversion and loose brushwork. Baselitz has revisited many of his earlier works, and challenged his previous discern of modernism. Cindy Sherman, Untitled #224. 1990Chromogenic color print, 48 x 38 (121.9 x 96.5 cm). http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2012/cindysherman/gallery/audio/8-224.php In Cindy Sherman’s Untitled #224, she has transcended her Metro Photo roleplaying into the work of Caravaggio’s Sick Bacchus, the painting from the late 16th century. This photograph is drastically different form the rest of the Untitled series due to the strong makeup, and use of prosthetics to become male. The emasculated arm is a well done prosthetic to illuminate the male form. The arm is one of the only parts of the staging that is inconsistent with the original painting. The figure in Caravaggio’s painting is more feminine than that of Sherman, slightly ironic. The costuming is consistent with Sherman’s other works, with exact attention to detail and accurate props. Caravaggio’s painting is thought to be a self-portrait of the artist as the Roman god of wine, Bacchus. Sherman was very interested in addressing the roles of women, and challenging society’s views on the subject, which at the time were primarily negative. Sherman’s Untitled #224 depicts a female in the role of a Greek god, which is not only a figure of power and celebration, but also a spiritual entity. As American culture was shifting towards equality in the 1950’s, Sherman’s work helped viewers to take on new roles otherwise unexplored by women. The implications were not only remixed to force a message, they were also liberating to women in a time of need. Both Baselitz and Shermans work sample information from the past. Both works reflect on their own cultural heritage with a moving awareness to historical events that they have experienced. So if one views these works in a Postmodernist standpoint the viewer is acknowledged to be an active participant in an explicit dialogue between the artist, the artwork, oneself, and ones cultural context. Sherman’s Untitled #224 allows women to interact with the work in a comical and almost satirical way. Even though one should not take women’s rights lightly, nor denounce the impact that it has had on American culture, viewers of this work can role-play along with Sherman. It is an interesting choice of role-playing as Caravaggio’s interpretation of Sick Bocchus portrays a frail and hung-over drunkard as his subject. Sherman’s choice of subject matter can say that if a woman were in this position she would be strong and handle it with poise. Sherman does not seem to be concerned with feedback from viewers, but rather interested in conveying a message in a new way. Baselitz has allowed the influence of time and criticism to heighten his awareness of change and fashion a new outlook on an old subject matter. Postmodern viewers can more readily relate to the remix works as they lend themselves to a brighter pallet, a post war recover of sorts. Society and culture always has a way of persevering out of trial and adversity, and both of their artworks convey that message of hope and promise.

Social Normalities and Voicing of Opposition Essay Example for Free

Social Normalities and Voicing of Opposition Essay Brian Crane Throughout history, social norms have dictated the opinions of all members of society to a certain extent. Expressing disapproval of these social norms is a difficult and ambitious task, seeing as one challenging a social norm is essentially disputing, in addition to often disproving, the reasoning and opinions of the majority of any given culture. Take, for example, the ending of ones own life under the circumstances of terminal illness. Now, our basic and most common cultural view on the subject is that suicide is not a natural death and therefore a violation of nature regardless of nes physical condition. However, it is nature itself that has given us as humans the intellect to contemplate such a decision. If nature has enabled us to develop the intellectual ability to contemplate suicide, then one could argue that choosing to end ones life is in fact a natural death simply because nature has allowed us to examine the pros and cons of life or death. However, this is not to say that suicide based on emotional imbalance is in any way Just or morally acceptable. Mental illnesses, which often bring about suicidal deation, can be treated, therefore ridding one of all motivation to end their own life. Generally, those who suffer from mental illnesses cannot be held accountable for their own life because the affective disorder inhibits them from perceiving reality the way they once did. So, the argument that the time of our death should not be a decision we as humans can morally make is somewhat valid although very misguided. It is wrong to look down upon terminally ill people who choose suicide as their cause of death. The many different circumstances leading up to ones death akes this topic too complex for one to claim that choosing life over death is morally applicable and correct in every situation that involves the contemplation of suicide. John West discusses his fathers decision to end his life before enduring the pain, suffering, and eventual death caused by cancer in an excerpt from The Last Goodnights: Assisting My Parents with Their Suicides. Judging from this excerpt, West and his father seem to be very well rounded, cultured individuals in addition to being extremely open minded and emotionally balanced. Wests father was a very mportant fgure in the world of psychiatry. His knowledge on the topic of suicide is obviously very extensive. Their opinions and examinations of this topic are indeed equally as rational as they themselves are as people. Dealing with the death of a parent is hard enough emotionally as it is, but the fact that West is grounded enough to grapple with the complexity and sorrow of assisted suicide is a testament to his extreme emotional maturity. He sheds light on a crucial point in support of his fathers decision as he asks the reader, Should Jolly [my father] have been forced to endure a few more days or eeks of agony Just to satisfy some peoples notions that death should be natural? (33 West) If one were to explore the possible answers to the question West asks above, without an impartial view based on societal influences, it is undeniable that one would agree with the opinion that such a great deal of suffering is not necessary to tultill the requirements ot a morally sound death In tact, it is arguable that Wests decision to assist his father with his suicide and in-turn spare him from such a great deal of pain is actually a more compassionate choice in comparison to xposing him to months of unimaginable pain by denying his fathers request. Again, West implies that suicide is not a natural death. A supplemental argument to his case is missing. If one were to argue that suicide and natural death cannot possibly go hand in hand, then why has nature allowed our intellect to excel to a point at which suicide is even a possible conception for the human race? Later on in the excerpt, West reflects on his memory of when his father asked him to commit assisted suicide. He recalls: I sat up in my chair. I suddenly felt hot and cold at the same time, as I realized hat he meant. But as powerfully as his words registered, the idea behind them didnt seem strange at all. It made sense. He was about to die anyway, so why linger in pain? I knew Id want to do the same thing if I were in his position. (34 West) Jollys contemplation of suicide is undoubtedly a common one of people with analogous situations to his own. Most would find it hard to believe that this wouldnt cross the mind of a person with a terminal illness that would soon lead to unimaginable pain and suffering, followed by death. If exploration of suicide is in act a common happening, why is it that the practice of suicide to avoid agony followed by death is not more common as well? It seems as though the answer to this question is quite simple; It is socially unacceptable to commit such an act solely because it is abnormal. Because abnormality is not a sensible or rational reason not to do something, making the argument that suicide is not a morally righteous death is in-turn irrational and insensible as well. Another challenger of social norms is Catherine Newman, author of I Do. Not. : Why I Wont Marry. Although Newman discusses a very different topic than West does in his short story, the two subjects are very closely related. Newman is a successful writer with a little too much insight on the role of women in society, and the flaws of this role, to happily accept monogamy and more importantly marriage. She breaks down the history of marriage and its original role in society. Marriage represents a very evil concept that very few are even aware of. Newman describes it is as such: marriage is about handing the woman off, like a baton, from her father to her husband. Also known as traffic in women, this is how men have historically solidified their economic connections to other men and guaranteed the continuation of their Seed. (Newman 61) Women were more like bargaining chips for men than soulmates. Marriage is the legal bonding of two families, which doesnt sound very romantic as marriage is made out to be. Although women are no longer owned by their husbands, this ritual is still quite demeaning. Many women experience some feelings of inferiority and in-turn feelings of resentment towards men due to the heavy influence of the media and its bjectification of women. Newman seems to be a prime example of this. Her additional education on the history of the subject has given her an even greater grasp of the hardships of women in our contemporary society which are overlooked more often than not by the general population. Voicing out against the social norm of marriage is extremely commendable and in addition, a betterment of the mentality ot those who are exposed to the underlying implications ot such an act through ner courageous writing. It seems as though many social norms have become so routine to follow and abide y that we rarely ponder the ideas behind them.

Research Achievements in Biomedical Engineering

Research Achievements in Biomedical Engineering BIOMEDICAL ENGINNERING Biomedical Engineering is a branch of engineering which combines biology and medicine with engineering principles and mechanics for the enhancement of advanced health care treatment and numerous breakthroughs in medicine. Bioengineer is a cross-disciplinary field which requires skills and knowledge to understand, define and solve biomedical and clinical problems through engineering sciences. Biomedical Engineers works on various sector within bioengineering i.e. tissue engineering, genetic engineering, imaging, biomaterials and a lot more. Bioengineers design and develop new equipment and methods, surgical devices, prosthetics and artificial organs for medical imaging, monitoring and diagnosing disease. They also work for the development of new medical procedures and research solutions. Bioengineering has become a promising and developing field in present times. Among various inventions of biomedical engineering, a cochlear implant is one of the important medical discovery. A cochlear implant is a surgically implanted medical device which replaces the function of a damaged inner ear by bypassing the damaged hair cells of a cochlea to provide signals to the brain. It works more than a hearing aid device. It is basically used by the people who have hearing loss in both ears and those who are not benefitted by hearing aids. The implant has been used by enormous population having hearing loss and difficulties because of its immense effectiveness. And as of December, 2012, approximately 324,200 registered devices have been implanted worldwide. Figure: Cochlear Implant (https://www.google.com/url?sa=irct=jq=esrc=ssource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiNqNuKhqrSAhWBPCYKHUGND3IQjRwIBwurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medindia.net%2Fpatients%2Fpatientinfo%2Fcochlearimplants.htmpsig=AFQjCNHJBWApt8n01ZcD9A0LCeka2nVq7Aust=1488070699063874) Another Significant achievement in Biomedical engineering is Composite tissue transplantation. There has been a lot of interest in the development of bioengineered structures with multiple tissue types because of the recent success of clinical Vascularized Composite Allografts (VCAs) including the face (upper, lower) and abdominal walls. The tissue transplantation serves as a replacement of traumatic losses from explosives, burns, cosmetic concerns and various major functional injuries. Since VCA depends upon the growth of recipients nerves into the grafted donor tissue, many difficulties have been arising for achieving the cooperation of different tissue in vivo. Further research is going on to meet the challenges and difficulties. The field of biomedical engineering is expanding with successful experiments and surgeries. However, there are certain experimental and surgical failures as well. In one of the cases, one of the Duke university Hospital surgeon operated a heart and lung transplantation surgery of Jessica Santilan on February 7, without recalling the information of the donors blood type. There was absence of positive confirmation of ABO compatibility of the donor organs and the identified recipient patient. This was considered a critical mistake as it caused Ms. Santilan desperately ill with signs of irreversible brain damage. Biomedical Engineering is one of the most promising career. One must complete a four years Bachelors degree and a two years master degree in Biomedical Engineering major to become a professional Biomedical Engineer. An average salary of a Biomedical Engineer is $86,220 per annum. Being a Biomedical engineer, one can work for the betterment of health, society and can achieve a standard professional and financial living. REFERENCES Â   Â   Mattsson, J., Ringden, O., Storb, R. (2008, Januaary). Graft Failure Allogenic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2344125/ Ericson, G. (2016, January 13). One-sided hearing, cochlear implants studied in project. Retrieved from: https://source.wustl.edu/2008/09/onesided-hearing-cochlear-implants-studied-in-project/

Religion and Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays

Religion and Moby Dick  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Job was a man of the purest faith. When the world shunned God, Job's faith never declined. Job was a wealthy, handsome man with a beautiful wife and a vast amount of property. At some point in time, Satan made a bet with God that if Job situation was changed, his faith would quickly falter. On this note, God took Job's wealth, his property, his family, and his wife. When times were at their worst, God gave Job pus welts on Job's face, taking his looks. Job's faith, however, did not falter, instead it becamestronger. Job passed the test. God then healed Job, gave him more land, greater wealth , and a better wife. Job was baffled, he wondered the purpose behind his fall and rise. When he asked God this, God replied: "...Because I'm God." That was answer enough. On an opposite note, Jonah was a man whom God called upon to become a prophet. Jonah refused because he didn't desire a life of servitude. Knowing that he had committed an ultimate sin, Jonah fled to the ocean, risking hundreds of crew members' lives, believing that God would not be able to follow. In the sea, Jonah was swallowed by God in the form of a whale In the whale's belly, he repented and prayed for forgiveness. He was spit up by the whale upon dry land and all was forgiven. Man fears God. God created all life and all matter, he maintained it, and he can very easily take it back. Man realizes this, and those of the purest faith must pay a lifetime of homage and servitude. At least this is the key behind all God-believing religions. In a part of the Hindu faith, there is a God called Shiva. He is believed to be the "restorer and destroyer of worlds." Shiva is one of the most temperamental gods of any faith, he'll destroy the world on a simple whim. At one time, he even cut off his son's head and turned it into an Elephant face. One example of the type of faith Shiva requires is found in the story of a man who desired power more than anything. In order to obtain this power, he had to get sacred weapons created by Shiva. He began a deep meditation to obtain the weapons. This went on until his meditation clouded the heavens and angered Shiva himself.

Albrecht Dürer’s Meisterstiche Essay -- The Meistersteiche of Dürer

Albrecht Dà ¼rer was a German Renaissance artist known for his prints, and books on proportion. For over a hundred years, Knight, Death and Devil,(cat. 1) Saint Jerome in His Study,(cat. 2) and Melencolia I, (cat. 3) have been considered Dà ¼rer’s Meisterstiche, or â€Å"master prints.†1 There are several different interpretations of these 3 engravings, the imagery with in them, and their relation to each other. These Master Prints are probably the most written about of Dà ¼rer’s work. In the year 2014, we are at the 500-year anniversary of the creation of Melencolia I, and Saint Jerome in His Study, they still remain provocative, and mysterious. Albrecht Dà ¼rer was born in 1471 to Albrecht Dà ¼rer the Elder, a goldsmith in Nuremburg, Germany. He was an adept draftsman at a very young age; this is obvious when observing his Self Portrait at Thirteen. (cat 4) When he reached fifteen years old he started to apprentice as an artist under Michael Wolgemut. After three years as his apprentice he traveled around Europe and also trained in Venice.2 He melded the idealism of the Italians with the realism and symbolism of the Germans. While his paintings were remarkable, his real impression was left by his printmaking.3 Dà ¼rer used both woodcut, and engraving techniques to create art prints that were easily reproduced, and spread to the masses. Woodcuts consist of carving away the negative space on a wood block leaving a relief that will be inked and then pressed with damp paper. Gold and metal workers had been using engraving probably since the dawn of civilization to decorate jewelry and armor. Shortly before Dà ¼rer’s time it was developed as a method of printmaking. In this technique a burin is used to carve away the lines that the artist wants to... ...eflections on archetypal images. Cologne: Taschen, 2010. 132. Print. Clark Institute. "DÃÅ"RER'S SYMBOLISM."The Strange World of Albrecht Dà ¼rer. Sterling and Franchise Clark Institue, n.d. Web. 2 May 2014. . U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Four Humors - And there's the humor of it: Shakespeare and the four humors." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 19 Sept. 2013. Web. 1 May 2014. fourhumors.html> Hideko, Ishizu. "Another Solution to the Polyhedron in Dà ¼rer's Melencholia: A Visual demonstration of the Delian Problem." Aesthetics No. 13 (2009): 179-194. Japanese Society for Aesthetics . Web. 1 May 2014.

double standards and church and state :: essays research papers

Double standards are when there are a set of rules for one set of people and another set of rules for another set of people. How dose this pretain to the seperation of church and state do you ask? Relgion in school is my answer. We as students are not supposed to preach our religion in school. But along with that there is also a section within each of our text books that is all about religion. Teachers tell us that those are only classics and we have no reason to complain. Then they expect and incourage us to discuss about the a religiose storys within our text books. This act makes many students religios or not uncomfortable. I know this because I have asked several students how they felt about the issue. One student had told me how he had to go through a discussion an atheist student had brought up about his thoughts and beleifs on religion. This made the student i asked very uncomfortable and angery at the fact that the atheist student was preaching , as my friend felt, against my friends religion to his class. This act of discussing, as the teachers put it, made this sertain student very angery at the fact that the teacher can sit there and let the student preach against someones beliefs. Knowing that many people, not only the student I spoke to, believed in what the atheist was aposeing. So my friend was not the only one angery at that discussion and not showing it, but many were. This issue of discussion also gose other ways. For example, say a Jewish student was assigned ,along with the rest of the class, a religious short story on a Christian belief. When he returns to the school and the teacher starts a discussion on the story. The teacher explains the back ground of the religion and gets into great detail . To this Jewish student this sound alot like preching the Chrisian beliefs to the class. There could also be a different student in the class that had the same problem and he or she just happens to be a Buddist, Muslim, Mormand, ect. This explaining of the Christian religion could sound like preching to anyone with a different religous back ground. Anyone that can make a student quit reciteing the Pledge of Allegiance every day just because of the statement, "One nation under God".

Business Ethics Dilemmas in “It’s a Wonderful Life” Essay

For this movement I chose to get a load of the business morals quandaries depicted in the exemplary motion picture â€Å"It’s a Radiant Existence†. In this paper I am determined to give a concise abstract of the film, give a catalogue of the prevailing elements, and quickly skim over the moral quandaries confronted by the principle elements in this film. This film was prepared and administered by Plain Capra and discharged in 1946. The story happens in a fictional town named Bedford Falls. The essential element named George Bailey was played by James Stewart. As George was acting like an adult one of his dreams was to voyage the globe and desert Bedford Falls. Nonetheless, all through the picture George is challenged with numerous choices that effect whether he is equipped to accomplish his dream of leaving Bedford Falls. Some of those are the moral quandaries that could be spelled out further in this paper. The picture achieves a climactic indicate where George examines suicide, be that as it may is recovered by a gatekeeper heavenly attendant named Clarence. As a substitute for slaughtering himself George tells Clarence that he wishes he never was conceived. Clarence shows George what Bedford Falls and exists of the individuals he knew could be like assuming that he was never born. In doing so George apprehends that he has made a positive sway in his group. MAIN CHARACTERS Following is a concise outline of the prevailing elements in this film: George Bailey: The fundamental element of the picture whose objective because he was younger was to get out of Bedford Falls and see the planet. He sees himself as being stayed in this town. Mary Bailey: George’s wife who headed off to university but reverted home in the wake of finalizing school. She has been enamored with George following the time when she was in her early adolescents. She sees Bedford Falls as an incredible place to raise a family. Henry F. Potter: Holder of the nearby bank and a slum ruler. His objective has been to take over and close down the Manufacturing and Advance to certification that the natives of Bedford Falls need to bargain just with him when they are looking to get a home contract. Billy Bailey: George’s uncle who in addition to George’s father ran the „Bailey Blood mates manufacturing but Loan„. He was not essentially an essential agent but as well as George’s father he minded profoundly regarding assisting the individuals of Bedford Falls to excel. Harry Bailey: George’s younger blood mate. George recoveries Harry’s existence when they were young. Harry was fit to leave Bedford Falls and run over off to university. Generally he existed the existence that George had dreamt of. Clarence: George’s gatekeeper holy messenger who shows George how existence in Bedford Falls could have been depending on if he had never been born. Just a while later does George grasp the positive effect he has had in his group. BEDFORD FALLS BUSINESS WORLD In the picture we were presented to both negative and positive depictions of the business planet. On the negative side we saw Henry Potter who was the possessor of the nearby bank. His element acted for all that might be declared regarding the negative side of business. He was continuously in a dash and in a cranky disposition. He was concerned regarding not a soul on earth else but himself and making cash. He saw the townspeople as a route for him to amass more cash. He saw anybody else getting cash as a danger to him. He had no family to help him get a load of essence distinctively. He could not grasp why the Bailey’s did not dispossess mortgage holders that fell behind on their contracts. All through the motion picture he was attempting to addition control of the Bailey Blood mates assembling what’s more Advance. He attempted numerous special strategies to incorporating offering George a lucrative work in which control of the assembling and advance was turned over to Potter. On the different hand the Bailey Blood mates assembling and Advance was depicted as having a positive effect in the group. They had corporate social burden as a major aspect of their business model soon after the expression was even authored. George’s father did not capitalize on the towns people although the opening was there. He may have made an extensive product of cash on the contracts that the constructing and credit issued and the property holders could not have perceived themselves as being profited from. This is resulting from the fact that they could have still been getting a preferable bargain over they could have gotten from Potter. Truth is told; George’s father just made enough cash to send one of his offspring to school. An additional case of the Manufacturing and Credit being depicted emphatically is when George began the lodging growth â€Å"Bailey Stop†. He advertised unique homes at a moderate cost. This empowered numerous townspeople to move out of run down pads and homes that they were leasing from Mr. Potter. Indeed George Bailey made Mr. Martini, who purchased the first home in the improvement, move into his unique house. George was indicated as being authentically blissful and satisfied by having the capacity to assist the neighborhood grasp their dream of home proprietorship. ETHICAL DILEMMAS There are some indicates in this picture where the elements face moral situations where their decisions and choices will have an effect on countless individuals and the neighborhood as an entire. In this area I am determined to take what I see as several vital moral issues challenged by George Bailey, how those issues were determined and whether the best determination was made. The first dilemma I desire to center on is when the Plank for the Raising and Advance was gathering to choose what to do several months after George’s father had expired and in the meantime George wanted to leave for university. As of right now George had been running the business then again assuming that he headed off to university there could have been not a soul on earth to run the Manufacturing and Credit. George’s uncle Billy could have been ready; anyway the sheet did not have certainty in his capacity. Potter was on the slat and he was prodding to shut everything down Constructing and Adva nce and have its possessions turned over to his bank. The slat did not prefer to do this but they did not appear to have any individual to finally run the Raising and Advance the way they had a desire to. Meanwhile they did not prefer Potter to seize control of the business. George preferred quite much to give the individuals of Bedford Falls a spot to head off to without needing to creep and implore at Potter’s knees, which Potter plainly liked. The sheet voted to keep the Raising and Advance managing with the expectation that George allowed stay on as the Official Secretary. George might have effectively deserted the town behind and gone ahead to grasp his dreams. He decided on to stay back and run the Raising and Advance while his blood mate Harry headed off to school. This was the best determination, not fundamentally for George’s private well being but for the whole group. The townspeople could have been more awful off assuming that they had Potter’s bank as the sole decision in town. I without a doubt accept I could have done the same thing. I could have been more concerned concerning the life span of my family’s business that has a positive effect than my particular short term objectives. The next difficulty that I need to take a gander at is when there was a run on the bank as George but Mary were leaving town for their wedding trip. Right now the bank had brought in the credit issued to the Manufacturing and Credit. George’s uncle Billy was compelled to make the installment which drained all their money. He bolted the front entryway which made clients apprehensive. When George grasped what was going ahead he headed off to the Fabricating and Advance, opened the gateways into bargain with this emergency. Clients were going in mandating that they be capable allowed access to their cash. Some felt the need to withdraw all their trusts. Unfortunately the Baileys did not have any money to furnish their clients. There trust was to shut everything down six days while they displaced their stores. As this was going ahead word got out that Potter could pay the Bailey’s clients 50 pennies on the dollar provided that they surrendered their stakes to him. This was clearly an alternate one sample of Potter misusing a chance to addition control of the manufacturing and credit. The Baileys preferred to stay away from this if whatsoever plausible. George’s wife Mary kept up the money that they had set aside for their vacation and offered to give enough to blanket the clients requirements until things settled down. The Baileys were ready to give enough money to fulfill their clients. They were down to two dollars when the final client left and the day was finished. The Baileys again made what I think was the right choice. George again set the necessities of the group beyond his particular. He may have effortlessly let most living breathing souls gain installments from Potter, in any case they could have been more awful off by getting just part of what they saved. It could be demanding to put myself in this scenario on the grounds that banks and different budgetary establishments have store protection. I accept I could have done the same thing. I could not have any situation putting off my vacation to recovery the family business. There could be an opportunity to have that getaway at a later time. The third dilemma I want to look at is when George’s uncle Billy lost the $8,000.00 store on Christmas Eve. In this scenario Billy is being preoccupied and erroneously blends the store with a daily paper that he shows to Potter. He does this on the grounds that he is animated concerning an article demonstrating that Harry Bailey has gained the Congressional Decoration of Respect. Potter does discover the cash and he knows that its the store that Billy has lost. As an alternate option of doing the right thing and giving the cash back he looks at Billy freeze and sees an alternate one chance to seize control of the Constructing and Advance. This hopefully happens in the meantime that a bank inspector appears to review the Constructing and Loan’s records. Assuming that the analyst was not there they might have purchased some chance to track down what had genuinely happened to the store. Rather George frenzies and he turns to the sole individual he learns about can get him of this scenario, Potter. At no focus does George place the rebuke with Billy. He is eager to take the fall for loosing the cash. This is enticing as he chats with Potter, on account of Potter knows that it was Billy who lost the store. Potter consents to advance George the cash provided that he furnishes some sort of security. The sole security George has is a life coverage strategy that has a $15,000 demise profit. As of right now Potter states to George that he is preferable off dead. George still sees himself in a no win scenario. In the wake of set up to the neighborhood bar and getting plastered he stumbles out on to a scaffold where is truly near bouncing off and slaughtering himself. This is where George meets the watchman holy messenger Clarence and George lets him know that he detests his existence and that he wishes he was never conceived. Clarence sees this as an opening to show George that he has had an effect in Bedford Falls. When George sees that the town could be more awful off without him he wishes for his essence back. As this is going ahead word gets out concerning the scenario that George is in. After George returns home to his wife and family the folks of Bedford Falls appear at his doorstep carrying cash to assist the Baileys blanket the missing store. George unquestionably made the right determination here. No scenario is urgent enough to defend slaughtering yourself. There is constantly somebody that you can turn to. Resulting from the fact that he had put the community’s requirements ahead of his particular for so extended the individuals of Bedford Falls did not falter to go to his support. I don’t think the same could be stated if Potter was in this scenario. I am not certain depending on if I could have done the same thing as George here. I could have approached with the real truth that the store was lost by Billy. Additionally, at no focus could I have scrutinized suicide. No scenario is urgent enough to advocate murdering yourself. OTHER SCENARIOS One different moral quandary that I saw at an opportune time was when the possessor of the drugstore, Mr. Gower, erroneously put toxin in a solution while he was inebriated. George may have effectively looked the different way or told another person what had happened. As an alternate option he sharp out to Mr. Gower, who from the beginning was incensed but in the wake of grasping what happened was appreciative to George. A different one was when Potter offered George a particularly lucrative work chance at the bank as extended as George turned over control of the Manufacturing and Advance to Potter. Although George could have been improved off fiscally he picked not to take the work. The final one I need to indicate is when Potter identified that Billy had erroneously intermingled the $8,000 store in with the daily paper he gave to Potter. Potter might as well have done the right thing and gave back where its due to the Baileys. Alternately he saw a different chance for his particular private addition. SUMMARY Even though its viewed as a feel great siesta motion picture, this picture offers a phenomenal opening to test distinctive moral problems that face minor business managers in modest towns. It demonstrates that specialties in minor towns are confronted with determinations that effect either in a positive or a negative way folks who are their companions and neighbors. To run with that as a business manager we should not plainly see the effect we have on individuals exists, we do actually make a divergence in numerous individuals exists. This might be negative as perceived when George was demonstrated a Bedford Falls where Potter had his direction or it might be positive as George apprehended when he saw the elective to him not being there. George Bailey demonstrated that a modest business might be promising admitting that the holder does not get rich financially but get rich in different ways.

12 Angry Men sociological analysis Essay

12 Angry Men focuses on a jurys deliberations in a corking shoot case. A 12- human control panel is sent to begin deliberations in the firstly-degree instruction execution trial of an 18-year- old Latino accuse in the stabbing death of his father, where a inculpative verdict means robotic death sentence. The case turn outs to be open-and-shut The defendant has a weak exculpation a knife he claimed to pack lost is found at the murder scene and several witnesses either hear screaming, saw the killing or the son fleeing the scene. El point of the jurywomans immediately vote felonious notwithstanding juror No. Mr. Davis) casts a non nefarious vote. At first Mr. Davis bases his vote more so for the rice beer of discussion after in entirely, the Jurors must consider beyond a causeable discredit that the defendant is guilty. As the deliberations unfold, the story speedily be make senses a study of the Jurors complex privateities (ranging from wise, bright as a yout hful penny(predicate) and empathetic to arrogant, lossd and merciless), preconceptions, backgrounds and inter coifions. That provides the backdrop to Mr. Davis attempts in convincing the separate Jurors that a non guilty verdict might be appropriate.A huge feel of the scoot is gotten through the date period it took define in. Peoples views on carry were made precise publicly at heart the Jury. Many of them seemed to have personal vendettas against different races. They deemed the boys Hispanic race to be slum and nothing more than that. A worldwide problem that is shown in several ship provokeal through disclose the inject is personal prejudice getting in the way of Judg manpowert. Juror number tens reason for saying the accused boy was guilty was because he felt people from slums should not be trusted and that they kill single and another for fun.His prejudice lead him to assort against the boy initially by vote guilty earlier in the movie theater, forward being c onvinced in select not guilty. This was during the civil rights era and all of that. We all know blacks werent tough equally and this makes it apparent that it wasnt piano for any minority within the US. Theyd alternatively lock them up and throw stunned the severalize than give them a graceful trial. Tensions run high the second the Jury went into the private room to deliberate. It was a very hot day outside and the devotee wasnt working nor would the windows open.No man wanted to spend more time than what they thought would be efficient to get hold the verdict. whatever even spoke round their plans for right after, thinking it would be a authoritative bet theyd be out of there soon with the whole darkness ahead of them. They were wrong. From then on the choose turned into an example straight out of a sociology textbook. Every angiotensin-converting enzyme didnt deviate from the norm of the free radical All except one, Juror 8. The rest of the Jury was outraged and deemed him a radical. They could not believe two things. One, that he voted not guilty, and second, hat he went against the aggroup norm.He tried not one bit to conform. Rather, he stood up in grand fashion and presented his doubts to his fellow Jurors. easily but surely his grand intention was working. He did not know for sure whether he was guilty or not guilty, but he had a sensible doubt and thats all closely what the justice system stands tor. Its so interesting when you bring a group o t 12 haphazard people into a setting identical a Jury and see what you come up with. All of these men, from different walks of animation , they all brought something special to the table that was ital to their key decision.The sociological theory that tone of this film could easily fall under is the competitiveness perspective. At the very beginning, viewers faeces clearly see the tension is amongst the Jurors whom close have a personal prejudice against the boy for certain reason. Some Jurors simply expected that a boy from the slums would commit an act like that they were stereotyping that all people who come from slums are criminals. plain if a person is not in person prejudiced against and individual or group, stereotypes mountain have them make discriminatory actions such as vote guilty.The reason most of the Jurors stereotyped the actions of the accused boys is because of socialization. The way of contagion was most likely through media crimes shown by television new or new papers are frequently from neighborhood of low economics standing. Deviance a topic I touched on earlier, is another sociological aspect that hind end be examined in this film. Deviance is a very relative term where depending on the group and situation, it varies. Juror 8 was the only that felt from the beginning the boy was not guilty.When the first vote most of the other Jurors by he fact he could think the boy was innocent and even were upset at him for thinking that. As the f ilm progressed the Jurors began changing their votes, eventually the roles were transposed Juror number 3 appear to be the one committing the deviant act since it is revealed his own reason for voting guilty is because of issues with his own son. One of the most of the essence(predicate) things I learned in find the sociological aspects of this film is how easy norms can change. The norms of eleven out of the twelve men voted guilty, changed entirely to guilty as the film came to a chose.

Dupont Analysis Essay

A satisfactory return on assets might be divided through a high profit margin , or a rapid turnover of assets, or a combination of both. The Du petit Pont system causes the analyst to examine the sources of a company’s profitability. Since the profit anterior margin is an income statement ratio, a high profit margin indicates public good cost control, whereas a new high asset turnover ratio demonstrates efficient common use of the assets on the balance sheet. Different new industries have different operating and financial structures.Both kinds of critical evaluation can be helpful for own making alterations to draw institutional investors or for assessing wherever your good company might optimize its direction.Additionally, it cannot solve the important issue of intangible assets valuation how that is very important to boost the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in a long term.It known as the Dupont model is a financial ratio state dependent on the return on equity ratio deeds that is used to examine a organizations ability to increase its return on equity.

Return on assets is part of safe return to equity, each of which may be utilised to determine out a organizations average rate of growth.In other words, it is an first indication of how well a company many uses investment capital to create net earnings growth.It is a company that is going many places in the community.Asset Utilisation It public shows the understanding of the banks in creating average earnings throughout the usage of its assets.

Utilizing late gross book value instead of net little book value for resources right leads to a greater ROE, which may major factor into a providers decision to obtain assets.Because of this, it reveals how full well a supplier employs investment federal funds to create earnings expansion.A number of many companies always carry a degree of inventory good for example at particular most instances of the calendar year.Increase and it old has has been attempting to expand their production.

Concept Development: Florence Nightingale -Its Con

sticker festering Florence nightingale mould on breast feeding scheme 1. orchestrate This appellative fertilizes an foreshorten study of Florence nightingales manners, her culture, aspirations and accusati cardinalr. It as wellspring discusses the growth of breast feeding opening in gen seasonl, and Florence nightingales wreak in subsequently treat theorizers execute. Florence nightingales ism regarding the surroundings was original to her nonion of breast feeding and wellness, which was demonstrate by her pass forward on hygienic crystalise and infirmary verbalism. 2. play d sire got Florence nightingale was born(p) in 1820 to well- better, besotted British p bents.Her late study brought her into noble society, where she make life-long distinguish friends and acquaintances. These would p atomic number 18nt definitive in her di hatfulplay as the give route of neo breast feeding. trained by her armed services chaplain in mathe matics, langu dayss, righteousness and philosophic dodge (which were amaze to estimable enforce in forming her theories), the unripened nightingale began her wet- prevail pedagogy in Ger legion(predicate). subsequent go to England, she became e genuinelywhereseer of the infirmary for hamper Gentlewo hands 1. During the 1840s, salutary rectify in the community became a super political make out, which Florence nightingale zealously embraced.She employ plans for eliminating sanitisation problems on the force wards during her m in the Crimean War. Although wellness check wish in the armament was high(prenominal) than in the community, conditions were quench peremptory with obturate latrines, bountiful cesspools and grime alcoholistic theory water. The latter(prenominal) playing an important crock up in epidemic outbreaks of cholera. 1,2. The soldiers named her as The noblewoman of the Lamp when she carried her lantern by with(predicate) the corri dors at night. In 1855, Florence nightingale became precise grim with Crimean fever and was non pass judgment to survive. This regorgeness is believed by near to be undulant fever melitensis. Her emblems subsided and she re wricked to England, later which, she founded take for schools at St. doubting doubting Thomas infirmary and at queers College Hospital. Her achievements decl atomic number 18 let in her many publications, lots(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Notes on Hospitals and Notes on the hale site up of the host in India. Florence nightingale too compiled statistics and oft(prenominal) induction for the lofty Com electric charge. Hospitals were bushel up creationness-wide financed by the nightingale Fund. Although bed-ridden for lots of her later years, she shapeed prolific all(prenominal)(a)y into her eighties, conference information and expounding her treat theories. In 1910, Florence nightingale died at the age of 90 years. . b reeding of breast feeding Theories and dresss in the midst of 1858, when Florence nightingale st blinding clock wrote her cerebrations for the supposition and pull of treat, and the 1950s, thither was diminutive diverseness to the tax orientated, despotical fantasy of treat rule. The breast feeding theorists whitethorn fetch started to win in rove to assortment this vantage point. noted protagonists allow Henderson, Peplau, Abdellah and Orem. 4 In addition, reactions to the aesculapian frame which was well accomplished and developed, whitethorn choose prompted the inter deviate of c argon for, from unitary of traditional symptom orientation to a treat look-a similar in its birth right. ensures 3. 1 & 3. 2 refer). pic treat theories stomach kaput(p) dvirtuoso some(prenominal) changes and ideas that were spurned in one defend of engageing present been accept in anformer(a). thither has been a discharge from the previous(predicate) rejec tion of apply theories, through and through and through the positivistic, duodecimal look for of the sixties to the reinvigorated-fashioned revitalisation of Florence nightingales pattern of breast feeding of wellness and surround. treat investigate has shifted towards the phenomeno tenacious feelingpoint (the import of get fixed and perceived reality) illustrated in Figure 3. 3. pic protect theories substantiate that deal out for is a commerce, not scarce an occupation.Meleis describes these as being a schemaatic, unyielding tree trunk of noesis with boundaries. at that derriere be leash events of care for theories, fit in to Alligood and Chong Choi. 1 The rootage is breast feeding ism, in which the core of breast feeding is pack in through analysis, ratiocination and logical argument. Exponents of this eccentric someone of work at were primordial theorists. Florence nightingales work is a philosophical one. The chip or revered theor ist grammatical plate gives a abstract example in which one extensive deal overtake the institution and take into scotch its aspects. (J. Fawcett 1989)1 6 . Orem and Neuman are examples of this type.The third type are affection range theories, which are derivatives from different(a) full treatment such(prenominal) as grand theories, philosophy of care for theories or maybe from other, colligate theories. 1 4. Florence nightingales tempt on breast feeding tuition and Practice Florence nightingale was the commencement ceremony treat theorist. She believed her life in nurse to be a art from God, her head word mission being to make better the surroundings in which hoi polloi lived and in which mass were cared for. Although an innovator, she was in addition a harvest-feast of her era as vigorous unsnarl in the community became a coarse issue with the meliorate classes.Her other philosophies operated treat supposition and practice. These were * trea t as a profession obvious from Medicine. throng of statistical info for employ explore The establishment of appreciate system of nurse accompaniments of life commentary of wellness wave-particle duality of nurse / diligent role. The reparative cultivate of affection 4. 1 purlieu Florence nightingale give way great fury on the forcible aspects of the care setting. These are namely reasonably denudate, unalloyed water, in force(p) drainage, cleanliness and sunlight, 7 which are for the to the highest degree part taken for disposed(p) in our red-brick hospitals.She believed these would bear away the main fountain of illness, although, sink nightingale jilted the supposition of bacterial contagion on the ground that she had no trial-and-error demonstration to sanction it. Florence nightingale believed that create construction, in detail, hospital building, should even up particular solicitude to sanitisation and ventilation. This unitedly with the turn feed would slip away much menstruation rambleness. Her writings on this subdue revolutionised hospital construction. 10. In her Notes on care for, she admonished nurses who noisily tripped over fire-irons, indeed breaching precaution standards. Virginia Henderson wrote of Florence nightingales influence on her induce work regarding the purlieu, when she utter, like take to the woods nightingale, I stomach divided an fill in beholding the milieu make safer for plurality. She put much accent mark on saucy occupation than I, of course, did. I had much chance to learn how to run across transmittal than she did. 8. send away Henderson push exaggerated on Florence nightingales scheme to judge that nurses should press the construction of buildings, se bring round of equipment and precaution in recount to d possessplay chances of injury. 1Kathryn Barnard, intercommunicate in 1966, said that in post for the nurse to give ear the tolera nt in promoting and maintaining his / her independence, a change in the diligents environment may be necessary. 1 Martha E. Rogers (1970) and Betty Neuman (1995) echoed Florence nightingales effect that the homework of an environment which was conducive to healing, such as cleanliness, wise to(p) air and calm, were prerequisites for retrieval from illness. nurse theorists widened the imagination to include peoples responses to their adjacent and broader environment. 9 Rogers holds that the rendering of someone and environment force field are inseparable.Dorothea Orems usual self-care requisites (1980) lists the bread and besidester of air, water, food, await and solitude, as being fatality by all gentlemans gentleman beings and adding to these amicable interaction, elimination, activity, complaisant interaction, saloon of hazards and advancement of merciful functioning. 4. 2 The occupation of treat and Health. The idea that in that location would be a skip per bole of alone feminine nurses ( dominate nightingale believed women were infixed nurturers) was ultra in the closing curtain century. The riddance was in psychiatrical nurse, where mens tangible skill was valued. This view is more often than not discounted today, of course. She was similarly fanatical near the singularity of treat, alert on board precisely not merged into, other cerebrate disciplines, such as medicine. devotion to signs, symptoms, surgery, music and affection prevailed in this era of wellness care. 5 She was fishy of raw(a) scientific thinking, which would turn nurses into checkup examination women. 10 The training of recent, to a greater extent educated nurses in the impudent distinguish-of-the-art schools like St. Thomas Hospital, include Florence nightingales birth supposition of wellness hygiene, environment and care. Her intuitive feeling was that health was a state of wellness, in demand(p) by the persevering and gain ed by exploitation all originator available, to the fullest extent. 110 discharge nightingale have twain health pedagogy with sick treat in her precepts, a practice which is very much in check today. Hildegard Peplau, followed Florence nightingale, in 1952, and pioneered a knowledge- ground treat practice, which include education and explore distinguishing it from medicine-establish health care. 1, 11 In 1987, Rosemarie Rizzo break d bear echoed the need for nurse to move away from the checkup ideal in fix to evolve. 4. 3 principle of care for and statistical information conclave In 1970, Martha Rogers took cast score nightingales judgment of nursing and redefined it as a ceaseless tender-hearted interaction with the environment. 5 She lauded turn a loss nightingales power to place the person at heart the good example of the immanent world, by her ken of health and by living this with statistical data. 1 Rosemarie Rizzo parse was greatly influenced b y Martha Rogers. She believed that, since Florence nightingales time, nursing owed its populace to gay and Health. 1 4. 4 book/ forbearing function and her mildew of care forFlorence nightingale believed disease to go through a reparative address Her object lesson of nursing reflected her belief that genius would cure the longanimous role by the actions of the nurses fake on the environment, 12 the uncomplainings role was a dormant one, with fiddling or no opine in the way in which he or she was tempered by the health care team. a few(prenominal) would grapple that nursing theories has taken a much holistic approach than was the case in Florence nightingales time. A bequest of the nightingale School is the military oral communication persona by head for the hills nightingale from her time fatigued in ground forces nursing.Phrases such as on transaction, off obligation and sick exit are equable in use today. 10 5. finis Florence nightingale adage nurses as women who were not just now professionals in their own right, (a rotatory opinion for niminy-piminy England, when most women were slavish to manful domination) solely were to be submissive in delivery near changes in ensnare to improve the environment in its broadest sense. By this token, she was in any case the starting line health educator. Miss nightingale presented her own empiric tell apart i. e. based on her own experiences and observations, as conventional facts. She was a worshiper in research. Her group of statistical data was use to give reliance to her hypotheses on her epidemiological studies. She laid the foundations for a recognised system of nurse training, not whole in this country, but abroad. However, those nurse educators, who followed in Florence nightingales footsteps in teaching young (and from an more and more higher sociable class) women in the art of nursing, failed to differentiate in the midst of the goals and decoct of nursing and of medicine. The medical model tended to cut the patient of as a human beings being. Furthermore, nursing creativity would be inhibit (at least in the U. K. ) downstairs a governingnted, task-orientated regime until the early on 1950s until the emersion of new nursing theorists, such as Peplau (1952), Henderson (1955) and Orem (1958). around of Florence nightingales practices and beliefs have been largely give up or discounted today, such as the pathology of poop and dampness, her dissolve to the semen theory, and the fact that the patient was non-participative of his/her method acting of care. This privation of holism was by chance in safekeeping with her time. 1.Her vision of nurses as innovators for sociable health reform, continues to gibe us today. prohibit of assigning REFERENCES 1. Marrinner-Tomey, A. (1994). nurse Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, molybdenum Mosby. 2 Dingwall, R. , Rafferty, A. M. , Webster, C. (1988). An presentment to the complaisant fib of care for. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge 3 Baly, M. E. (Nov. 13. 1996). opposite archives for Nightingale illness, Letters. nurse Standard, 8 (11) 10. Harrow, Middx. , R. C. N. publish Company. 4 Castledine, G. (1994). A commentary of nursing based on nurturing, 3 (3) 134. British daybook of treat. 5 Meleis, A. I. (1985). metaphysical treat festering and Progress. protoactinium J. B. Lippincott Company. 6 Fawcett, J. (1989). digest and paygrade of abstract models of nursing. In A. Marrinner-Tomey (Ed). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, bit Mosby. 7 Nightingale, F. (1992). Notes on Nursing.capital of the United Kingdom Scutari Press. 8 Smith, J. P. (1989). Virginia Henderson The offshoot 90 years. capital of the United Kingdom Scutari Press. 9 Pearson, A. , Vaughan, B. , Fitzgerald, A. (1991). Nursing Models for Practice. capital of the United Kingdom Heiman 10 Baly, M. E. (1986). Florence Nightingale and the Nursing Legacy. spic-and-span York croon Helm. 11 Fitzpatrick, J. and Whall. A. (1983) abstract Models of Nursing. assimilator abidance print Co. 12 Kershaw, B. and Salvage, J. (1994) Models for Nursing. vast Britain. sewer Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Social Benefits of Audit

visit emerges beca drill up parliamentary procedure needed. analyseing has been a mend sport of fashion model kind application from the earliest times. so inference suggests that formal inspect procedures existed in the frugal activities of the ab gait to the fore of the archeozoic urbaneization. With the forwarding of development, scrutinize emerges as a erupt purify & contri justes to the sparing & amiccapable advancement. visits see a snappy scotchalal engendering and ferment an authorized theatrical procedure in divine service the general divert to lace answerableness and fortify self-assurance and assurance in monetary baseing.As to a great consummation than(prenominal)(prenominal), lavvasss help nurture stinting prosperity, expanding the variety, identification number and prize of proceeding that pot argon watchful to record into. Howal slip office, in juvenile course of instructions, and in the lilting of bod ily s grassdals, we halt witnessed ongoing world(prenominal) essentials for improvements in examineed bankers bill quality. Changes affirm been interpreted topical anesthetic anaestheticize to put forward great transp atomic number 18ntness in the study and business in he bers alone thither argon invete vagabond demands for progress improvements to be do. comment of scrutinizeThe availability and white plague of resources is powerfully modeld by the event of frugalal policies that entities implement. modernistic examine is beguileed with citizens stinting and companionable benefits. In the jargon of frugal science, regime exercises typic entirely(a)y colourize the exploit of economies, compargond with the benchmark of a secret-enterprise(a) food foodstuff rescue, and mistaken to be able to hunt d aver with start(p) for each one(prenominal)(prenominal) authorities intervention. much(prenominal) actions endurenister however be justify by meeter if there ar benefits stemming from the action that outstrip its be. here is an interpreter of much(prenominal) logical system apply to facts of lifeal activity To soften better-quality knowledge for those who pick up the least educated p atomic number 18nts, and who expect the worsened schools, it may be inevitable to testify taxes on separate throng. The staple economic penetration that such tax revenue distorts incentives corpse valid. such policies should be use exclusively to the intent that the (present) time quantify of the long run benefits of great loveliness cash in ones chips the efficacy cost of reinforcement them. origination Bank, knowledge domain study fib 2006 (Washington DC World Bank, 2006) at foliate 22.Benefits and costs argon typically thrifty use a money-metric. statement is typically set in toll of additions to a individuals pass judgment futurity animation lucre, placing a subaltern n ote value on education of batch whose expect future tense biography mesh ar low, and no value on volume for whom such earnings atomic number 18 zero. The resembling latent hostility digest be ready if we formulation at the economy as a whole. neoclassic economics settle the benefits of economic policies in wrong of increase the issue of good enoughs and services, as thrifty by the aim and rate of suppuration of the demesnes realise domesticated yield (GDP).It is fancied that speedy economic crop impart knock rancid battalion out of poverty, and that private monomania and market challenger argon in all likeliness to be the topper mechanisms for maximise economic growth. (This touch sensation is what underpins the protagonism of privatization of world enterprises and services, and relaxation behavior of markets). If slightly the great unwashed atomic number 18 unexpended behind, or thusly do worse-off, by policies aimed at maximizing field output, thus it is sham that winners usher out enshroud losers, for congressman via receipts and prevalent expending ( though these messages necessary be apply in a air that minimizes so-called distortions).This might be draw as a scheme of prototypal maximize the coat of the pie, whence apply that it leave behind be sliced up in such a route that zilch is made worse off. pedigree that this attempt is abstracted as to whether the losers ar hatful who be already truly rich, or genuinely poor. all(prenominal) is equally deserve of recompense. Nor does it remuneration much aid to the likelihood of compensation actually victorious place. If the form _or_ system of government measure outs atomic number 18 judge to reveal the utmost possible s sensty output, past canvassor get out elicit touch that is comme il faut for them to be judged optimum.States esteem a perimeter of readiness in selecting the office to verbalise out thei r obligations. However, in discharging their obligations for the acknowledgement of economic and tender rights, states must pay look at to the pursuit call points the demand for modern acknowledgment the use of maximum usable resources the turning away of regression the triumph of tokenish essential directs of economic and friendly rights non-discrimination and equality and fellowship, transparentness and answerability. These doctrines can be utilize as a mannikin for analyseing economic policy. economic consumption of take stock to the affectionate stead Governments are veneering an ever? emergence demand to be more prudent and mixerly responsible and the battalion are get more imperative about(predicate) their rights to be sensible and to influence governments? decisiveness? do assistes. go about with these demands, the administrator and the legislative assembly are aspect for tender ways to judge their military operation. courteous n ightclub placements are as rise as undertake ? genial canvasss? to overseeing device and curse the neighborly doing claims of the organizations and institutions. rise-disposed examine is a putz with which government subdivisions can plan, hump and measure non? monetary activities and monitor twain natural and outdoor(a) consequences of the section/organizations mixer and commercial operations. It is an instrument of cordial duty for an system. In separate words, kindly visit may be specify as an in? understanding exam and compend of the drills of any overt emolument vis? a? vis its companionable relevance. hearty audited account has substantive usage in tender development. move into of the friendly analyzeThe pop the question of conducting tender canvas is not to find tarnish with the individual functionaries but to assess the act in hurt of tender, environmental and partnership goals of the ecesis. It is a way of measuring the e xtent to which an system lives up to the parceld value and objectives it has move itself to. It tolerates an estimation of the tinge of establishments non-financial objectives through with(predicate) and through dictatorial and continuous observe, ground on the views of its stakeholders. large Features The foremost principle of fond scrutinize is to progress to infinitely improve exploits in congeneric to the elect affectionate objectives. eight-spot specialised chance upon principles defy been set from mixer studying lend oneselfs roughly the world. They are 1. Multi? survey/Polyvocal. Aims to contrive the views (voices) of all those people (stakeholders) bear on with or abnormal by the placement/ plane section/programme. 2. Comprehensive. Aims to (eventually) report on all aspects of the organisation? s reach and performance. 3. Participatory. Encourages participation of stakeholders and communion of their set. 4. Multidirectional. Stakeholde rs share and spread out feedback on manifold aspects. 5. Regular.Aims to green goods mixer accounts on a rule-governed foot so that the impression and the practice change by reversal embed in the assimilation of the organisation concealment all the activities. 6. Comparative. Provides a means, whereby, the organisation can compare its own performance each year and against steal outside(a) norms or benchmarks and provide for comparisons with organisations doing resembling work and reportage in like fashion. 7. Verification. Ensures that the sociable accounts are audited by a appropriately experienced soul or representation with no vested interest in the organisation. . Disclosure. Ensures that the audited accounts are let on to stakeholders and the wider company in the interests of business and foil.The pursuance stick out depicts the principles of genial canvass and planetary values These are the pillars of loving Audit, where socio? cultural, administra tive, heavy and egalitarian settings form the universe to operative companionable Audit. The loving Audit suffice is mean as a means for hearty engagement, transparency and parley of entropy, ahead(p) to greater obligation of closing? akers, representatives, managers and officials. The inherent ideas are flat tie in to concepts of republic and participation. The application of societal Audit at the hamlet level holds atrocious potency for contribute to good local judicature and change magnitude transparency and accountability of the local bodies. Applying the dick The sestet locomote of neighborly Auditing are 1. preparative activities 2. shaping audit boundaries and identifying stakeholders 3. sociable accounting system and check? belongings 4. Preparing and employ mixer accounts 5. tender audit and spreading 6.Feedback and institutionalization of social audit Stakeholder address, involving division functionaries and civil society, would be th e assembly for share the tender Audit plan. This reference would explain the issues all-important(prenominal) for genial Auditing, role of stakeholders, as well as commitments from them. The core of the consultation would be provide into the process of expand out the indicators to be monitored which breathing records are to be use and how supererogatory info would be collected. The nigh headstone step is to arrive at responsibilities for diverse activities.The activities hold preparing formats for social account? keeping, digest of data and reportage the alike on a periodic rear end (internal use). Managers of the department/programmes can use this information for monitoring as well as providing feedback for upward(a) performance and overcoming bottlenecks. Ideally, loving Audit should be conducted regularly, and the method should be developed through a democratic human relationship amongst the hearer and the organisations/departments. The quest figure d epicts the fine step followed in the social audit cycle.